Amend. IV. Freedom from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

The Supreme Court has declared that the due process clause of U.S. Const., amend. 14, protects the personal right of privacy from state, as well as federal, action. See Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 61 L. Ed. 2d 1081 (1961).

Security from unreasonable search and seizure, Ga. Const. 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Para. XIII. Rights of citizens, § 1-2-6. Emergency situation; application for an investigative warrant, § 16-11-64.3. Searches and seizures generally, § 17-5-1 et seq.

For comment concerning indirect use of illegally seized evidence, in light of Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 60 S. Ct. 266, 84 L. Ed. 307 (1939), see 2 Ga. B.J. 70 (1940). For comment criticizing McIntyre v. State, 190 Ga. 872, 11 S.E.2d 5 (1940), permitting admission of illegally seized evidence, see 3 Ga. B.J. 53 (1941). For article criticizing operation of U.S. Const., amend. 1, in relation to right of privacy, see 10 Ga. B.J. 53 (1947). For comment on Harris v. United States, 331 U.S. 145, 67 S. Ct. 1098, 91 L. Ed. 399 (1947), upholding constitutionality of evidence seized during search incident to arrest, see 10 Ga. B.J. 120 (1947). For comment on Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 68 S. Ct. 367, 92 L. Ed. 436 (1948), holding when the right of privacy must yield to right of search is a matter for judicial officer, not policeman, see 10 Ga. B.J. 498 (1948). For comment on McDonald v. United States, 166 F.2d 957 (D.C. Cir. 1948), holding act of looking through transom without search warrant and observing that which is not hidden is not a search, see 11 Ga. B.J. 241 (1948). For comment on United States v. Nesmith, 121 F. Supp. 758 (D.D.C. 1954), regarding admissibility of chemical tests of body fluids where U.S. Const., Amends. 4, 5 and 14, objections are made, see 4 J. Pub. L. 202 (1955). For comment on Breithaupt v. Abram, 352 U.S. 432, 77 S. Ct. 408, 1 L. Ed. 2d 448 (1957), holding that the fourteenth amendment does not extend the protection of this amendment and U.S. Const., amend. 5, to criminal prosecutions in state cases, see 20 Ga. B.J. 126 (1957). For comment discussing reasonableness in search and seizure of narcotics from accused’s body, in light of Blackford v. United States, 247 F.2d 745 (9th Cir. 1957), see 9 Mercer L. Rev. 220 (1957). For comment on Blackford v. United States, 247 F.2d 245 (9th Cir. 1957), cert. denied, 356 U.S. 914, 78 S. Ct. 672, 2 L. Ed. 2d 586 (1958), holding that evidence gained in bodily search of defendant who was attempting to cross the United States border was not obtained through unreasonable search and seizure and did not violate constitutional protections, see 21 Ga. B.J. 269 (1958). For article, “Civil Liberties and Statutory Construction,” see 8 J. of Pub. L. 66 (1959). For comment on Frank v. Maryland, 359 U.S. 360, 79 S. Ct. 804, 3 L. Ed. 2d 877 (1959), holding housing inspection without warrant to be reasonable search, see 22 Ga. B.J. 410 (1960). For comment discussing reasonableness of warrantless search of automobile, in light of Patenotte v. United States, 266 F.2d 647 (5th Cir. 1959), see 22 Ga. B.J. 549 (1960). For comment on Elkins v. United States, 361 U.S. 810, 80 S. Ct. 1437, 4 L. Ed. 2d 58 (1960), regarding the extension of the exclusionary rule in federal criminal cases to evidence illegally obtained by state officer, see 12 Mercer L. Rev. 274 (1960). For comment on Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 80 S. Ct. 1437, 4 L. Ed. 2d 1669 (1960), holding evidence illegally obtained by state officers is inadmissible in federal as well as state courts, see 23 Ga. B.J. 383 (1961). For comment discussing admissibility of evidence obtained by search and seizure under administrative warrant, in light of Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 80 S. Ct. 683, 4 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1960), see 23 Ga. B.J. 400 (1961). For comment discussing exclusionary rule in state courts, in light of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081 (1961), see 24 Ga. B.J. 129 (1961). For comment discussing standing to object to unlawful search and seizure, in light of Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S. Ct. 725, 4 L. Ed. 2d 697 (1960), see 24 Ga. B.J. 131 (1961). For comment on Silverman v. United States, 365 U.S. 505, 81 S. Ct. 679, 5 L. Ed. 2d 734 (1961), holding police use of “spike mike” violated prohibition against unlawful search and seizure, see 24 Ga. B.J. 135 (1961). For comment on Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 81 S. Ct. 776, 5 L. Ed. 2d 828 (1961), see 12 Mercer L. Rev. 422 (1961). For comment on Mapp v. Ohio, 365 U.S. 514, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 5 L. Ed. 2d 714 (1961), and the incorporation of the fourth amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures into the fourteenth amendment, see 13 Mercer L. Rev. 275 (1961). For note discussing retroactive application of constitutional prohibition against unreasonable search and seizures, in light of Mapp v. Ohio, see 25 Ga. B.J. 238 (1962). For comment discussing application of exclusionary rule to state, in light of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081 (1961), see 24 Ga. B.J. 445 (1962). For comment on Harris v. United States, 321 F.2d 739 (6th Cir. 1963), holding invalid search incident to arrest where primary purpose is to search for evidence and not make a valid arrest, see 26 Ga. B.J. 446 (1964). For note discussing habeas corpus as a means of exerting control by the central government in protecting the constitutional rights of criminal defendants and the ramifications for federalism, see 16 Mercer L. Rev. 281 (1964). For article, “Changing Constitutional Concepts in Criminal Law and Procedure,” see 1 Ga. St. B.J. 421 (1965). For comment on Johnson v. State, 111 Ga. App. 298, 141 S.E.2d 574 (1965), see 17 Mercer L. Rev. 479 (1966). For article, “The Supreme Court, the Individual and the Criminal Process,” see 1 Ga. L. Rev. 386 (1967). For article, “Federalism in Current Perspective,” see 1 Ga. L. Rev. 586 (1967). For note discussing retroactivity of constitutional rules of criminal procedure in light of Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S. Ct. 1731, 14 L. Ed. 2d 601 (1965), see 16 J. of Pub. L. 193 (1967). For note, “Constitutional Rights of a Taxpayer in a Criminal Tax Investigation,” see 16 J. of Pub. L. 403 (1967). For note tracing judicial attempts at enumerating areas protected by the fourth amendment and advocating more uniformity, see 18 Mercer L. Rev. 447 (1967). For comment on extension of exclusionary rule to civil cases in light of Williams v. Williams, 8 Ohio Misc. 156, 221 N.E.2d 622 (1966), see 18 Mercer L. Rev. 501 (1967). For comment discussing Moore v. Student Affairs Comm., 284 F. Supp. 725 (M.D. Ala. 1968), as to propriety of warrantless search of student’s dormitory room pursuant to school regulation, see 3 Ga. L. Rev. 223 (1968). For comment on Tolbert v. State, 224 Ga. 291, 161 S.E.2d 279 (1968), see 5 Ga. St. B.J. 256 (1968). For comment on Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 87 S. Ct. 1727, 18 L. Ed. 2d 930 (1967), applying this amendment’s guarantees to unreasonable searches by administrative agencies, see 19 Mercer L. Rev. 259 (1968). For comment on Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S. Ct. 507, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576 (1967), finding absence of physical trespass not determinative of fact of illegal search and seizure, see 19 Mercer L. Rev. 442 (1968). For note, “College Searches and Seizures: Privacy and Due Process Problems on Campus,” see 3 Ga. L. Rev. 426 (1969). For comment discussing probable cause for search warrant in obscenity case, in light of Lee Art Theatre, Inc. v. Virginia, 392 U.S. 638, 88 S. Ct. 2103, 20 L. Ed. 2d 1313 (1968) (per curiam), see 18 J. of Pub. L. 205 (1969). For note discussing the constitutional origins of the substantive right to family autonomy, see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 719 (1969). For comment discussing limits on the military’s jurisdiction and the constitutional rights of servicemen in light of O’Callahan v. Parker, 395 U.S. 258, 89 S. Ct. 1683, 23 L. Ed. 2d 291 (1969), see 21 Mercer L. Rev. 311 (1969). For article, “Warrantless Searches and Seizures,” see 5 Ga. L. Rev. 269 (1971). For note, “Third Party Consent to Search and Seizure: A Reexamination,” see 20 J. of Pub. L. 313 (1971). For article on the judicial development of the fourteenth amendment’s due process clause and the selective incorporation of the Bill of Rights, see 22 Mercer L. Rev. 533 (1971). For note, “The Constitutionality of the Use of Search Warrant to Obtain Tax Records,” see 6 Ga. L. Rev. 399 (1972). For comment discussing subsequent justification of electronic surveillance, in light of Cox v. United States, 449 F.2d 679 (10th Cir. 1971), see 23 Mercer L. Rev. 989 (1972). For article, “Privacy in the Corporate State: A Constitutional Value of Dwin-dling Significance,” see 22 J. of Pub. L. 3 (1973). For article discussing federal Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the effect credit reporting has upon the constitutional right to privacy, see 22 J. of Pub. L. 67 (1973). For comment on Creamer v. State, 229 Ga. 511, 192 S.E.2d 350 (1972), see 24 Mercer L. Rev. 687 (1973). For article advocating personal privacy as determinative test for standing in suppression of illegally seized evidence, see 23 Emory L.J. 111 (1974). For note, “Limitation Upon Trial Court Discretion in Imposing Conditions of Probation,” see 8 Ga. L. Rev. 466 (1974). For comment on Couch v. United States, 409 U.S. 322, 93 S. Ct. 611, 34 L. Ed. 2d 548 (1973), holding compelled production of taxpayers’ records in possession of accountant not violative of taxpayer’s right against self-incrimination, see 10 Ga. St. B.J. 648 (1974). For article discussing the problem of handling hearsay information in determining probable cause for issuance of a search warrant, see 25 Mercer L. Rev. 741 (1974). For note on fourth amendment search and seizure in the context of air piracy, see 25 Mercer L. Rev. 355 (1974). For note on use of voice exemplars in grand jury investigations, see 25 Mercer L. Rev. 365 (1974). For comment on United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 94 S. Ct. 467, 38 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1973), discussing search incident to arrest, see 25 Mercer L. Rev. 943 (1974). For article, “The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties: 1974-1975,” see 24 Emory L.J. 937 (1975). For note discussing relaxation of judicial restrictions on search incident to lawful arrest, see 24 Emory L.J. 151 (1975). For note, “Application of the Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule to the Grand Jury,” see 24 Emory L.J. 471 (1975). For comment on Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 95 S. Ct. 2254, 45 L. Ed. 2d 416 (1975), as to effect of Miranda warnings on admissibility of a confession made after an unconstitutional arrest, see 25 Emory L.J. 227 (1976). For article advocating a sliding scale approach to deal with governmental investigative techniques intruding on privacy interests under the fourth amendment, see 11 Ga. L. Rev. 75 (1976). For article discussing past and present trends in the admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in Georgia criminal trials and advocating a state exclusionary rule, see 11 Ga. L. Rev. 105 (1976). For comment on Connally v. State, 237 Ga. 203, 227 S.E.2d 352, see 11 Ga. L. Rev. 200 (1976). For article discussing meaning and applicability of the automobile exception to the warrant requirement of the fourth amendment, see 27 Mercer L. Rev. 987 (1976). For comment on Andresen v. Maryland, 427 U.S. 463, 96 S. Ct. 2737, 49 L. Ed. 2d 627 (1976), as to nonapplicability of privilege against self-incrimination to seizure with search warrant of incriminatory personal business records, see 28 Mercer L. Rev. 581 (1977). For comment discussing satisfaction of the probable cause requirement for issuance of a search warrant by a reasonable inference in light of Murphy v. State, 238 Ga. 725, 234 S.E.2d 911 (1977), see 29 Mercer L. Rev. 347 (1977). For article, “Federal Antibias Legislation and Academic Freedom: Some Problems with Enforcement Procedures,” see 27 Emory L.J. 609 (1978). For comment discussing doctrine of substituted judgment and constitutional underpinnings of a qualified right to refuse medical treatment asserted for an incompetent, in light of Superintendent of Belcherton State School v. Saikewicz, 370 N.E.2d 417 (Mass. 1977), see 27 Emory L.J. 425 (1978). For article surveying cases dealing with criminal law and criminal procedure from June 1, 1977 through May 1978, see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 27 (1978). For comment on United States v. Finazzo, 583 F.2d 837 (6th Cir. 1978), regarding authority of federal judges to authorize break-ins to plant electronic surveillance devices, see 13 Ga. L. Rev. 647 (1979). For article surveying judicial developments in Georgia criminal law, see 31 Mercer L. Rev. 59 (1979). For note discussing modern trend of judicial authorization of covert police break-ins, see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 707 (1979). For note, “Constitutionally Implied Causes of Action: A Policy of Protection, Expansion, or Restriction?,” see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 1023 (1979). For comment on United States v. Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268, 98 S. Ct. 1054, 55 L. Ed. 2d 268 (1978), see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 1087 (1979). For comment on Gaioni v. Folmar, 460 F. Supp. 10 (M.D. Ala. 1978), see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 1093 (1979). For comment, “Bivens and the Creation of a Cause of Action for Money Damages Arising Directly From the Due Process Clauses,” see 29 Emory L.J. 231 (1980). For comment on Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200, 99 S. Ct. 563, 60 L. Ed. 2d 824 (1979), regarding custodial questioning on less than probable cause for a full-fledged arrest, see 29 Emory L.J. 273 (1980). For comment on Burkart Randall Div. of Textron, Inc. v. Marshall, 625 F.2d 1313 (7th Cir. 1980), discussing administrative inspections and OSHA, see 15 Ga. L. Rev. 233 (1980). For article, “Stop and Frisk,” see 17 Ga. St. B.J. 6 (1980). For note discussing application of procedural due process requirements to hearings by administrative tribunals, see 32 Mercer L. Rev. 359 (1980). For comment, “Private Search and Prior Restraint of Obscene Materials: The Interaction of Two Doctrines,” see 31 Mercer L. Rev. 1029 (1980). For comment on United States v. Williams, 622 F.2d 830 (5th Cir. 1980), see 15 Ga. L. Rev. 487 (1981). For comment discussing the forcible medication of involuntarily committed mental patients with antipsychotic drugs in light of Rogers v. Okin, 634 F.2d 650 (1st Cir. 1980), see 15 Ga. L. Rev. 739 (1981). For article, “Constitutional Criminal Litigation,” see 32 Mercer L. Rev. 993 (1981). For note on United States v. Williams, 622 F.2d 830 (5th Cir. 1980), see 32 Mercer L. Rev. 1329 (1981). For article discussing Eleventh Circuit court cases in the year 1981 dealing with constitutional criminal procedure, see 33 Mercer L. Rev. 1083 (1982). For note discussing property rights as measure of fourth amendment protections, see 33 Mercer L. Rev. 1263 (1982). For article, “Resolving the Dilemma of the Exclusionary Rule: An Application of Restitutive Principles of Justice,” see 32 Emory L.J. 937 (1983). For comment, “Free Press, Privacy, and Privilege: Protection of Researcher-Sub-ject Communications,” see 17 Ga. L. Rev. 1009 (1983). For comment discussing the unconstitutional use of deadly force against nonviolent fleeing felons, see 18 Ga. L. Rev. 137 (1983). For article surveying 1982 Eleventh Circuit cases involving constitutional criminal procedure, see 34 Mercer L. Rev. 1241 (1983). For article discussing the application of the fourth amendment to searches and seizures at sea, see 34 Mercer L. Rev. 1537 (1983). For annual survey of criminal law and procedure, see 35 Mercer L. Rev. 103 (1983). For article surveying 1983 Eleventh Circuit cases involving constitutional criminal procedure, see 35 Mercer L. Rev. 1139 (1984). For annual survey on constitutional law, see 36 Mercer L. Rev. 137 (1984). For article, “The Bail Reform Act of 1984,” see 34 Emory L.J. 685 (1985). For note, “Circling the Wagons: Informational Privacy and Family Testimonial Privileges,” see 20 Ga. L. Rev. 173 (1985). For note, “United States v. Leon: The Long-Awaited Good-Faith Exception Has Finally Arrived,” see 36 Mercer L. Rev. 757 (1985). For note, “Oliver v. United States: Will Exceptions of Privacy Shield Criminal Acts No More?,” see 36 Mercer L. Rev. 1401 (1985). For comment, “Use and Abuse of Urinalysis Testing in the Workplace: A Proposal for Federal Legislation Limiting Drug Screening,” see 35 Emory L.J. 1011 (1986). For article, “Employer and Consultant Reporting Under the LMRDA,” see 20 Ga. L. Rev. 533 (1986). For article, “Congress and the Fourth Amendment,” see 21 Ga. L. Rev. 107 (1986). For comment, “Shoemaker v. Handel and Urinalysis Drug Testing: Looking for an American Standard,” see 21 Ga. L. Rev. 467 (1986). For article, “An Alternative Approach to the Good Faith Controversy,” see 37 Mercer L. Rev. 957 (1986). For article, “Court Ordered Surgery to Retrieve Evidence in Georgia in Light of the Supreme Court Decision in Winston v. Lee,” see 37 Mercer L. Rev. 1005 (1986). For survey of 1985 Eleventh Circuit cases on constitutional criminal procedure, see 37 Mercer L. Rev. 1275 (1986). For annual survey of criminal law, see 38 Mercer L. Rev. 129 (1986). For article, “After ABSCAM: An Examination of Congressional Proposals to Limit Targeting Discretion in Federal Undercover Investigations,” see 36 Emory L.J. 75 (1987). For article, “Interception of Communications in Exigent Circumstances: The Fourth Amendment, Federal Legislation, and the United States Department of Justice,” see 22 Ga. L. Rev. 1 (1987). For survey of 1986 Eleventh Circuit cases on constitutional criminal procedure, see 38 Mercer L. Rev. 1141 (1987). For comment, “Fourth Amendment Protections in the Elementary and Secondary School Settings,” see 38 Mercer L. Rev. 1417 (1987). For comment, “The Constitutional Implications of Mandatory Testing for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome — AIDS,” see 37 Emory L.J. 217 (1988). For article, “Exclusion of Evidence in Federal Prosecutions on the Basis of State Law,” see 22 Ga. L. Rev. 667 (1988). For article, “Student Privacy in the Wake of T.L.O.: An Appeal for an Individualized Suspicion Requirement for Valid Searches and Seizures in the Schools,” see 22 Ga. L. Rev. 897 (1988). For article, “Juvenileness: A Single-Edged Constitutional Sword,” see 22 Ga. L. Rev. 949 (1988). For survey of 1987 Eleventh Circuit cases on constitutional criminal procedure, see 39 Mercer L. Rev. 1187 (1988). For survey of Eleventh Circuit cases on evidence, see 39 Mercer L. Rev. 1259 (1988). For article, “More Myths of Parity: State Court Forums and Constitutional Actions for the Right to Shelter,” see 38 Emory L.J. 615 (1989). For article, “Metaphor and Paradox,” see 23 Ga. L. Rev. 1053 (1989). For comment, “Trial by Certainty: Implications of Genetic ‘DNA Fingerprints’,” see 39 Emory L.J. 309 (1990). For comment, “Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz: Sober Reflections on How the Supreme Court Has Blurred the Law of Suspicionless Seizures,” see 25 Ga. L. Rev. 199 (1990). For article, “A Report from the Front in the War on Drugs,” see 7 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 1 (1990). For article surveying developments in Georgia constitutional law during 1989, see 41 Mercer L. Rev. 1261 (1990). For article surveying developments in Georgia constitutional law during 1989, see 41 Mercer L. Rev. 1277 (1990). For annual survey on criminal law and procedure, see 42 Mercer L. Rev. 141 (1990). For annual Eleventh Circuit survey of constitutional law — civil, see 42 Mercer L. Rev. 1313 (1991). For annual Eleventh Circuit survey of constitutional criminal procedure, see 42 Mercer L. Rev. 1349 (1991). For annual survey of criminal law and procedure, see 43 Mercer L. Rev. 175 (1991). For comment on warrantless search of defendant’s home, see 41 Emory L.J. 321 (1992). For annual Eleventh Circuit survey of constitutional law — civil, see 43 Mercer L. Rev. 1075 (1992). For annual Eleventh Circuit survey of constitutional criminal law, see 43 Mercer L. Rev. 1113 (1992). For article, “Individual Rights and the Powers of Government,” see 27 Ga. L. Rev. 343 (1993). For article, “Trumping Rights,” see 27 Ga. L. Rev. 435 (1993). For article, “Further Reflections on Rights and Interests: A Reply,” see 27 Ga. L. Rev. 489 (1993). For comment, “Ramseur v. Beyer: The Third Circuit Upholds Race-Based Treatment of Prospective Grand Jurors,” see 27 Ga. L. Rev. 621 (1993). For article, “Making the Case for a Constitutional Right to Minimum Entitlements,” see 44 Mercer L. Rev. 525 (1993). For article, “Resources and Rights: Towards a New Prototype of Criminal Representation,” see 44 Mercer L. Rev. 599 (1993). For article, “Constitutional Civil Law,” see 44 Mercer L. Rev. 1107 (1993). For article, “Constitutional Criminal Law,” see 44 Mercer L. Rev. 1143 (1993). For note, “Davis v. State: Too Young to Consent?” see 44 Mercer L. Rev. 1367 (1993). For article on police perjury about searches and seizures, see 43 Emory L.J. 1311 (1994). For article, “Annual Eleventh Circuit Survey January 1, 1993 — December 31, 1993: Constitutional Civil Law,” see 45 Mercer L. Rev. 1217 (1994). For article, “Annual Eleventh Circuit Survey January 1, 1993 — December 31, 1993: Constitutional Criminal Law,” see 45 Mercer L. Rev. 1243 (1994). For comment on United States v. Ford, 34 F.3d 992 (1994), relating to use of thermal surveillance on private property, see 29 Ga. L. Rev. 819 (1995). For article, “1994 Eleventh Circuit Survey: Constitutional Criminal Procedure,” see 46 Mercer L. Rev. 1297 (1995). For article, “1994 Eleventh Circuit Survey: Constitutional Civil Law,” see 46 Mercer L. Rev. 1275 (1995). For survey of 1995 Eleventh Circuit cases on constitutional civil law, see 47 Mercer L. Rev. 745 (1996). For survey of 1995 Eleventh Circuit cases on constitutional criminal procedure, see 47 Mercer L. Rev. 765 (1996). For survey of 1995 Eleventh Circuit cases on evidence, see 47 Mercer L. Rev. 837 (1996). For note, “Arizona v. Evans: Carving Out Another Good-Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule,” see 47 Mercer L. Rev. 1135 (1996). For article, “Fit to Be Tied? Fourth Amendment Analysis of the Hog-Tie Restraint Procedure,” see 33 Ga. L. Rev. 281 (1998). For note, “Gary v. State: The Georgia Supreme Court Dodges a Confrontation With the Good Faith Exception,” see 32 Ga. L. Rev. 927 (1998). For article, “Slaves No More!: The Implications of the Informed Citizen Ideal for Discovery Before Fourth Amendment Suppression Hearings,” see 15 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 709 (1999). For article surveying 1997 and 1998 Eleventh Circuit cases on constitutional criminal procedure, see 50 Mercer L. Rev. 921 (1999). For comment, “The Government’s Right to Read: Maintaining State Access to Digital Data in the Age of Impenetrable En-cryption,” see 49 Emory L.J, 711 (2000). For comment, “Making the ‘Law of the Land’ the Law on the Street: How Police Academies Teach Evolving Fourth Amendment Law,” see 49 Emory L.J. 295 (2000). For article, “Chipping Away at the Boundaries of Privacy: Intel’s Pentium III Processor Serial Number and the Erosion of Fourth Amendment Privacy Expectations,” see 17 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 331 (2000). For article surveying 1999 Eleventh Circuit cases involving constitutional criminal procedure, see 51 Mercer L. Rev. 1089 (2000). For note, “Wyoming v. Houghton: Passengers’ Belongings Subject to Searches Under the ’Automobile Exception’ to the Fourth Amendment’s Warrant Requirement,” see 51 Mercer L. Rev. 999 (2000). For comment, “The Fourth Amendment Rights of Trespassers: Searching for the Legitimacy of the Government-Notifica-tion Doctrine,” see 50 Emory L.J. 1357 (2001). For article on constitutional criminal procedure, see 52 Mercer L. Rev. 1305 (2001). For article on criminal law, see 53 Mercer L. Rev. 209 (2001). For article, “Statutory Civil Rights,” see 53 Mercer L. Rev. 1499 (2002). For article, “Expanding the Scope of Suspicionless Drug Testing in Public Schools,” see 54 Mercer L. Rev. 1293 (2003). For article, “Constitutional Criminal Procedure,” see 54 Mercer L. Rev. 1403 (2003). For survey article on criminal law and procedure for the period from June 1, 2002 through May 31, 2003, see 55 Mercer L. Rev. 117 (2003). For note, “Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Potta-watomie County v. Earls: Supreme Court Approves Mandatory, Suspicionless Drug Testing Policy in Public High School,” see 54 Mercer L. Rev. 1215 (2003). For note, “Beyond the Four Corners: Objective Good Faith Analysis or Subjective Erosion of Fourth Amendment Protections?,” see 54 Mercer L. Rev. 1719 (2003). For Eleventh Circuit survey article on constitutional criminal procedure decisions in 2003, see 55 Mercer L. Rev. 1149 (2004). For note, “How Are Local Governments Responding to Student Rental Problems in University Towns in the United States, Canada, and England?,” see 33 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 497 (2005). For article, “Data Matching, Data Mining, and Due Process,” see 40 Ga. L. Rev. 1 (2005). For article, “Nothing New Under the Sun? A Technologically Rational Doctrine of Fourth Amendment Search,” see 56 Mercer L. Rev. 507 (2005). For annual survey of criminal law, see 57 Mercer L. Rev. 113 (2005). For note, “Form Over Substance? Qualified Immunity in Groh v. Ramirez,” see 56 Mercer L. Rev. 1457 (2005). For note, “To Serve and Protect: Thornton v. United States and the Newly Ane-mic Fourth Amendment,” see 56 Mercer L. Rev. 1471 (2005). For note, “Snoop Dogs: An Analysis of Narcotics Canine Sniffs of Storage Units under the Fourth Amendment,” see 40 Ga. L. Rev. 1209 (2006). For article, “Police Pursuits: A Comprehensive Look at the Broad Spectrum of Police Pursuit Liability and Law,” see 57 Mercer L. Rev. 511 (2006). For annual survey of criminal law, see 58 Mercer L. Rev. 83 (2006). For note, “Padgett v. Donald: Why Not So Special,” see 57 Mercer L. Rev. 673 (2006). For article, “Redefining the Right to Be Let Alone: Privacy Rights and the Constitutionality of Technical Surveillance Measures in Germany and the United States,” see 35 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 433 (2007). For survey article on criminal law, see 59 Mercer L. Rev. 89 (2007). For note, “Hey Officer, Didn’t Someone Teach You To Knock? The Supreme Court Says No Exclusion of Evidence for Knock-and-Announce Violations in Hudson v. Michigan,” see 58 Mercer L. Rev. 779 (2007). For note, “Georgia v. Randolph: What to do With a Yes from One but not from Two?,” see 58 Mercer L. Rev. 1429 (2007). For comment, “The Sliding Scale Approach to Protecting Nonresident Immi-grants against the Use of Excessive Force in Violation of the Fourth Amendment,” see 22 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 247 (2008). For note, “Bringing an End to Warrantless Cell Phone Searches,” see 42 Ga. L. Rev. 1165 (2008). For note and comment, “Lying to Catch the Bad Guy: The Eleventh Circuit’s Likely Adoption of the Clear Error Standard of Review for a Denial of a Frank’s Hearing,” see 24 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 843 (2008). For comment, “School Bullies — They Aren’t Just Students: Examining School Interrogations and the Miranda Warning,” see 59 Mercer L. Rev. 731 (2008). For comment, “The British Invasion (Of Privacy): DNA Databases in the United Kingdom and United States in the Wake of the Marper Case,” see 23 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 609 (2009). For note, “The Online Zoom Lens: Why Internet Street-Level Mapping Technologies Demand Reconsideration of the Mod-ern-Day Tort Notion of ‘Public Privacy’,” see 43 Ga. L. Rev. 575 (2009). For article, “The Fourth Amendment and Computers: Is a Computer Just Another Container or Are New Rules Required to Reflect New Technologies?,” see 14 (No. 5) Ga. St. B.J. 15 (2009). For article, “Pay to Play: The Poor’s Problems in the BAPCPA,” see 25 Emory Bankr. Dev. J. 407 (2009). For article, “Terrorism, Historical Analogies, and Modern Choices,” see 24 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 589 (2010). For article, “The Most Important (and Best) Supreme Court Opinions and Justices,” see 60 Emory L.J.408 (2010). For article, “Congressional End-Run: The Ignored Constraint on Judicial Review,” see 45 Ga. L. Rev. 211 (2010). For article, “Conditional Rules in Criminal Procedure: Alice in Wonderland Meets the Constitution,” see 26 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 417 (2010). For article, “Herring v. United States: The Continued Erosion of the Exclusionary Rule,” see 61 Mercer L. Rev. 663 (2010). For article, “Police Mistakes of Law,” see 61 Emory L. J. 69 (2011). For comment, “From Backpacks to Blackberries: (Re)Examining New Jersey v. T.L.O. in the Age of the Cell Phone,” see 61 Emory L. J. 111 (2011). For article, “The Political Economy of Criminal Procedure Litigation,” see 45 Ga. L. Rev. 721 (2011). For note, “Imprisoned by Liability: Why Bivens Suits Should Not be Available Against Employees of Privately Run Federal Prisons,” see 45 Ga. L. Rev. 1127 (2011). For comment, “A ‘Fundamental’ Problem: The Vulnerability of Intellectual Property Licenses in Chapter 15 and the Meaning of § 1506,” see 28 Emory Bankr. Dev. J. 177 (2011). For comment, “Big Brother Gets a Makeover: Behavioral Targeting and the Third-Party Doctrine,” see 61 Emory L.J. 555 (2012). For comment, “Testing Our Teachers,” 61 Emory L.J. 1493 (2012). For annual survey on criminal law, see 64 Mercer L. Rev. 83 (2012). For annual survey on evidence law, see 64 Mercer L. Rev. 137 (2012). For article, “Students, Security, and Race,” see 63 Emory L. J. 1 (2013). For article, “(Mis)Conceptions of the Corporation,” see 29 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 731 (2013). For comment, “Drawing the Line: DNA Databasing at Arrest and Sample Ex-pungement,” see 29 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 1063 (2013). For comment, “Paddling Past Nicastro in the Stream of Commerce Doctrine: Interpreting Justice Breyer’s Concurrence as Implicitly Inviting Lower Courts to Develop Alternative Jurisdictional Standards,” see 63 Emory L.J. 695 (2014). For article on social services and public assistance, see 31 Ga. St. U.L. 205 (2014). For article, “Crimes and Offenses: Offenses Against Public Order and Safety,” see 31 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 47 (2014). For note, “The Conversational Consent Search: How ‘Quick Look’ and Other Similar Searches Have Eroded Our Constitutional Rights,” see 30 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 1077 (2014). For article, “Clever Contraband: Why Illinois’ Lockstep with the U.S. Supreme Court Gives Police Authority to Search the Bowels of Your Vehicle,” see 47 J. Marshall L. Rev. 425 (2014). For article, “The Contingent Fourth Amendment,” 64 Emory L.J. 1229 (2015). For article, “Original Misunderstand-ings: The Implications of Misreading History in Jones,” see 31 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 471 (2015). For annual survey of criminal law, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 31 (2015). For comment, “DNA Collection Acts and the Fourth Amendment: A Call for Legislative Reform in Georgia to Implement Collection of Arrestees’ DNA,” see 32 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 513 (2016). For article, “Hiding in Plain Sight: A Fourth Amendment Framework for Analyzing Government Surveillance in Public,” see 66 Emory L.J. 527 (2017). For article, “How Both the EU and the U.S. are ‘Stricter’ Than Each Other for the Privacy of Government Requests for Information,” see 66 Emory L.J. 617 (2017). For article, “Biometric Cyberintelli-gence and the Posse Comitatus Act,” see 66 Emory L.J. 697 (2017). For comment, “Lichtenberger, Sparks, and Wicks: The Future of the Private Search Doctrine,” see 66 Emory L.J. 395 (2017). For article, “Missing Police Body Camera Videos: Remedies, Evidentiary Fairness, and Automatic Activation,” see 52 Ga. L. Rev. 57 (2017). For article, “Disparate Impact in Big Data Policing,” see 52 Ga. L. Rev. 109 (2017). For article, “Mass Suppression: Aggre-gation and the Fourth Amendment,” see 51 Ga. L. Rev. 429 (2017). For note, “Simon Didn’t Say: When Reconstruction of a Private Search Goes Awry Under the Private Search Doctrine,” see 51 Ga. L. Rev. 557 (2017). For note, “You have the Right to Free Speech: Retaliatory Arrests and the Pretext of Probable Cause,” see 51 Ga. L. Rev. 607 (2017). For note, “Publicly Funded Private Security: A Critical Examination of Georgia Law Pertaining to the Private Employment of Off-Duty Police Officers,” see 51 Ga. L. Rev. 879 (2017). For annual survey on local government law, see 69 Mercer L. Rev. 205 (2017). For comment, “Encroachment, Loss of Five Yards: Government Attorneys and the No-Contact Rule’s Place in Civil False Claims Act Investigations,” see 68 Mercer L. Rev. 877 (2017). For article, “The CDC’s Communicable Disease Regulations: Striking the Balance Between Public Health & Individual Rights,” see 67 Emory L.J. 463 (2018). For article, “Digital Searches, the Fourth Amendment, and Magistrates’ Re-volt,” see 68 Emory L.J. 51 (2018). For comment, “Seeking Warrants for Unknown Locations: The Mismatch Between Digital Pegs and Territorial Holes,” see 68 Emory L.J. 185 (2018). For article, “Dead Canaries in the Coal Mines: The Symbolic Assailant Revisited,” see 34 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 513 (2018). For article, “From the Crime Scene to the Courtroom: The Future of Forensic Science Reform: Safety from Flawed Forensic Sciences Evidence,” see 34 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 1129 (2018). For article, “Racial Justice and Federal Habeas Corpus as Postconviction Relief from State Convictions,” see 69 Mercer L. Rev. 453 (2018). For note, “To Deceive or not to Deceive: Law Enforcement Officers Gain Broader Approval to Use Deceptive Tactics to Obtain Voluntary Consent,” see 69 Mercer L. Rev. 627 (2018). For article, “The End of Miller’s Time: How Sensitivity Can Categorize Third-Party Data After Carpenter,” see 53 Ga. L. Rev. 1039 (2019). For article, “Transcript: Criminal Procedure and Affirmative Action,” see 35 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 977 (2019). For annual survey on criminal law, see 70 Mercer L. Rev. 941 (2019). For annual survey on criminal law, see 71 Mercer L. Rev. 69 (2019). For note, “Can You Hear Me Now?: An Individual’s Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Now Extends to Cell-Site Location Information,” see 70 Mercer L. Rev. 549 (2019). For annual survey of criminal law, see 71 Mercer L. Rev. 967 (2020). For note, “Shoot at Me Once: Shame on You! Shoot at Me Twice: Qualified Immunity. Qualified Immunity Applies Where Police Target Innocent Bystanders,” see 71 Mercer L. Rev. 1171 (2020). For comment, “The Reasonableness and Unreasonableness of Delays in Obtaining Search Warrants,” see 71 Mercer L. Rev. 1149 (2020). For article, “How the Fourth Amendment Frustrates the Regulation of Police Violence,” see 70 Emory L.J. 521 (2021). For note, “Should Technology be Trusted? The Detrimental Role of Video Footage in a Qualified Immunity Analysis,” see 72 Mercer L. Rev. 977 (2021). For article with annual survey on criminal law, see 72 Mercer L. Rev. 1093 (2021). For article with annual survey on evidence, see 72 Mercer L. Rev. 1149 (2021). For article with annual survey on criminal law, see 73 Mercer L. Rev. 75 (2021). For note, “Facebook, Crime Prevention, and the Scope of the Private Search Doctrine Post-Carpenter,” see 56 Ga. L. Rev. 787 (2022). For article, “Who Should Guard the Attorney – Client Privilege When Documents are Seized by Law Enforcement,” see 28 Ga. St. B.J. 18 (February 2023). For article, “Criminal Law,” see 74 Mercer L. Rev. 1369 (2023).