Amend. IX. Other Rights Retained by the People

Provision that enumeration of rights shall not exclude other inherent rights, Ga. Const. 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Para. XXIX. Rights of citizens, § 1-2-6.

For comment on United Pub. Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 67 S. Ct. 556, 91 L. Ed. 754 (1946), upholding constitutionality of Hatch Act, 5 U.S.C. § 1501 et seq., curbing political activity of state and federal employees, see 9 Ga. B.J. 459 (1947). For comment, “The ‘Right to Work’: Individual or Collective Right,” focusing on Railway Employees’ Dep’t v. Hanson, 351 U.S. 225, 76 S. Ct. 714, 100 L. Ed. 2d 1112 (1956), see 6 J. of Pub. L. 263 (1957). For comment discussing the constitutionality of the statutory prohibition against expenditures by labor unions in connection with federal elections, 18 U.S.C. § 610, see 21 Ga. B.J. 575 (1959). For article discussing federalism and this amendment, see 23 Ga. B.J. 317 (1961). For comment discussing constitutionality of legislation requiring employees to pay dues to railway union in order to maintain employment, in light of International Ass’n of Machinists v. Street, 367 U.S. 740, 81 S. Ct. 784, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1141 (1961), see 24 Ga. B.J. 432 (1962). For article discussing utilization of this amendment in preventing abuses of liberty by federal law enforcement officials, see 1 Ga. L. Rev. 386 (1967). For note, “Substantive Due Process and Felony Treatment of Pot Smokers: The Current Conflict,” see 2 Ga. L. Rev. 247 (1968). For comment discussing limits on the military’s jurisdiction and the constitutional rights of servicemen in light of O’Callahan v. Parker, 395 U.S. 258, 89 S. Ct. 1683, 23 L. Ed. 2d 291 (1969), see 21 Mercer L. Rev. 311 (1969). For comment discussing Babbitz v. McCann, 38 U.S.L.W. 2498 (E.D. Wis. Mar. 5, 1970), as to the constitutionality, under the ninth amendment right to privacy of a state law banning intentional destruction of an unquickened fetus, see 4 Ga. L. Rev. 907 (1970). For note advocating revision of former Georgia abortion statutes, see 6 Ga. L. Rev. 168 (1971). For article on the judicial development of the due process clause of U.S. Const., amend. 14 and the selective incorporation of the Bill of Rights, see 22 Mercer L. Rev. 533 (1971). For article, “Privacy in the Corporate State: A Constitutional Value of Dwin-dling Significance,” see 22 J. of Pub. L. 3 (1973). For article discussing federal Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq., and the effect credit reporting has upon the constitutional right to privacy, see 22 J. of Pub. L. 67 (1973). For article discussing validity of “executive privilege” as defense to congressional demand for information, see 8 Ga. L. Rev. 809 (1974). For article discussing the recognition and enforcement of new rights by the courts, see 11 Ga. L. Rev. 1143 (1977). For note, “ERA: The Effect of Extending the Time for Ratification on Attempts to Rescind Prior Ratifications,” see 28 Emory L.J. 71 (1979). For article on abortion, poverty and the equal protection of the laws, see 13 Ga. L. Rev. 505 (1979). For note discussing the constitutional origins of the substantive right to family autonomy, see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 719 (1979). For article, “Antimonopoly Tradition Under the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments: Slaughter-House Cases Re-examined,” see 31 Emory L.J. 785 (1982). For comment, “Free Press, Privacy, and Privilege: Protection of Researcher-Sub-ject Communications,” see 17 Ga. L. Rev. 1009 (1983). For comment, “The Constitutional Implications of Mandatory Testing for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome — AIDS,” see 37 Emory L.J. 217 (1988). For article, “A Senate of Five: An Essay on Sexuality and Law,” see 23 Ga. L. Rev. 859 (1989). For essay, “The prospects for a Revival of Conservative Activism in Constitutional Jurisprudence,” see 24 Ga. L. Rev. 629 (1990). For comment, “An Establishment Clause Analysis of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services,” see 24 Ga. L. Rev. 399 (1990). For article, “Our Declaratory Ninth Amendment,” see Emory L.J. 967 (1993). For article, “Rights: Afterthoughts,” see 27 Ga. L. Rev. 473 (1993). For note, “Official, National, Common or Unifying: Do Words Giving Legal Status to Language Diminish Linguistic Human Rights?,” see 36 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 221 (2007). For article, “Crimes and Offenses: Offenses Against Public Order and Safety,” see 31 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 47 (2014). For article, “Baby Ninth Amendments and Unenumerated Individual Rights in State Constitutions Before the Civil War,” see 68 Mercer L. Rev. 389 (2017).

Purpose.

The specific constitutional intent of U.S. Const., amend. 9 is that the specific mention of certain rights in U.S. Const., amend. 1 through 8 not be interpreted as a denial that others are protected. United States v. Michael, 622 F.2d 744, 1980 U.S. App. LEXIS 15331 (5th Cir. 1980). Right to wear one’s hair as one sees fit has not been found to be within the periphery of any of our specific constitutional rights. Ashley v. City of Macon, 377 F. Supp. 540, 1974 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12602 (M.D. Ga. 1974), aff’d, 505 F.2d 868, 1975 U.S. App. LEXIS 16769 (5th Cir. 1975). There is no constitutionally protected right, plainly expressed or within the penumbra, the shadow, of U.S. Const., amends. 1, 8, 10, and 14 and U.S. Const., amend. 9, to wear one’s hair in a public high school in the length and style that suits the wearer. Ashley v. City of Macon, 377 F. Supp. 540, 1974 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12602 (M.D. Ga. 1974), aff’d, 505 F.2d 868, 1975 U.S. App. LEXIS 16769 (5th Cir. 1975).

Am. Jur. 2d.

16AAm. Jur. 2d, Constitutional Law, §§ 216, 412 et seq.

C.J.S.

16AC.J.S., Constitutional Law, § 724 et seq. 16B C.J.S., Constitutional Law, § 1171. 16D C.J.S., Constitutional Law, § 2122.

ALR.

Immunity of state and its agencies from federal taxation as affected by the governmental or nongovernmental character of the particular functions involved, 150 A.L.R. 676. Right of privacy, 14 A.L.R.2d 750; 11 A.L.R.3d 1296; 18 A.L.R.3d 873; 23 A.L.R.3d 865; 30 A.L.R.3d 203; 33 A.L.R.3d 154; 46 A.L.R.3d 900; 57 A.L.R.3d 16; 58 A.L.R.4th 902. Eavesdropping as violating right of privacy, 11 A.L.R.3d 1296. Constitutionality of state legislation imposing criminal penalties for personal possession or use of marijuana, 96 A.L.R.3d 225. Judicial power to order discontinuance of life-sustaining treatment, 48 A.L.R.4th 67.